Jupiter is a digital banking app with one simple aim – to deliver a banking experience that keeps pace with you. We help you cut through the banking jargon, offer smart insights based on your spending, and provide you with a range of new-age features to enable you to make sense of your finances.

Jupiter

jupiter

Pre-hispanic America birthed sophisticated theories in ancient astronomy. The Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas possessed tables, calendars, and exquisitely precise systems to describe and determine the movement of planets, stars, celestial objects, and constellations. Even the Olmecs, which predated all three ancient empires, left artifacts that stump one and many archeologists about their precise knowledge about the stars. Today, modern-day scientists and engineers remain puzzled about the architectural and technical feats of the ancient empires in the Americas, which mirrored an unprecedented astronomical precision. Despite the rich cultural, astronomical, and engineering legacies from three powerful pre-hispanic empires, a testament to the creative achievement across the region, only a handful of scientists and engineers in Latin America have participated in modern space missions beyond low-Earth orbit. Time Machine (2017). Marco Vargas. This story is about the rekindling of the fire in Latin America that can be traced for millennia. This story is about those daring to deploy a small propellantless mission to reach Jupiter in less time. Currently, any round trip to Jupiter , so the success in reaching Jupiter quickly and without propellant could change our understanding of what it means to travel across vast distances in our Solar System at a fraction of the cost. would take numerous years and deeper pockets and budgets JOVE: A Trailblazing Propellantless Mission The is a novel solar-powered mission that will use the solar wind's momentum, speed, and direction as the propulsive thrust to reach the Jovian system in 30 days. Solar winds are the surges of plasma and ionized (charged) gas continuously emitted by the Sun, which vary in intensity, density, and composition but are always present across the expanse of the solar system. Jupiter Observing Velocity Experiment (JOVE) JOVE is proposed by an interdisciplinary team of scientists and engineers in the United States and Latin America (Ecuador and Costa Rica). They compose the Practical Interplanetary Propulsion group at the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Nuclear Future Flight Propulsion Committee. JOVE rendering. Image credits: B. Freeze, J. Greason, R. Nader et al. JOVE will be designed with a compact 16U micro satellite architecture that includes two high-temperature superconducting coils 9-meters in diameter. These coils are responsible for engaging the “Wind Rider” propulsion system. The Wind Rider system has been experimentally demonstrated on the ground. For the mission, the spacecraft would use the superconducting coils to generate a large rotating magnetic field (RMF) that interacts with the solar wind for thrust and Jupiter’s dense magnetosphere for deceleration. Most of JOVE’s hardware will be built by the , which has ample experience designing powerful and compact hardware for the Cubesat market, including (350Whr). This type of battery will operate the telemetry beacon to measure and transmit data. In addition, the small scientific payload will include the SPAN-Ai sensor developed at the University of California, Berkeley, to study the solar wind’s velocity and the dense plasma in Jupiter’s magnetosphere. It will also include a rearview camera to capture Jupiter. Ecuadorian Civil Space Agency (EXA) one of the highest energy density batteries for Cubesats JOVE’s schematics. Image credits: B. Freeze, J. Greason, R. Nader et al. JOVE’s launch must occur when Jupiter is directly in opposition to the Sun on November 2, 2023, or December 7, 2024, to engage the Wind Rider propulsion system without a gravitational slingshot (gravity assist). After that, JOVE can get deployed into cis-lunar orbit or from an apogee of 60 - 90K km Sun-side by a traditional rocket launcher. Once in space, JOVE activates the RMF inside the two coils and deploys the solar panel arrays and the sunshade (to protect the coils at a certain distance). The team expects JOVE’s Wind Rider to speed up the spacecraft to a velocity close to 300 km s-1. JOVE rendering. Image credits: B. Freeze, J. Greason, R. Nader et al. Ronnie Nader There is no shortcut to becoming a spacefaring species. Advancing in-space propulsion is at the heart of becoming multiplanetary. According to Commander Ronnie Nader, we need to start building and testing practical propulsion systems that can take us to the outer planets in considerably less time and at substantially less cost. Commander Nader is Ecuador's first and only cosmonaut, the first civilian in modern history to complete the cosmonaut training at the GCTC ( ) with the support of the Ecuadorian Air Force (FAE). He founded the Ecuadorian Civil Space Agency (EXA) with headquarters in Guayaquil after his training in 2007 and has served as its Space Operations Director. Nader holds multiple senior memberships at the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), the International Astronautical Federation (IAF) Space Security Committee, and the International Academy of Astronautics, among many others. ASA / T degree - Advanced Suborbital Astronaut Trained In 2019, Nader created the Practical Interplanetary Propulsion working group at the AIAA Nuclear and Future Propulsion Committee to develop advanced propulsion systems with realistic timeframes. Nader's inspiration stemmed from his professional and entrepreneurial experience in Latin America. Without the million-dollar budgets and infrastructure for advanced scientific pursuits in space, Nader has had to be resourceful and creative with what's available. Nader recruited the rest of the Practical Interplanetary Propulsion Group team at the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. They started working on different concepts and followed specific rules. The group's rules can be summarized as follows: any revolutionary concept must be mathematically proven and built on precedents that have been simulated, made, or tested on the ground and in space. But, more importantly, the group must use the proven laws of modern physics. “It’s important to point out that the planets do not grow. The population does,” said Nader. “Furthermore, everything the planet produces is the limit of human ambition. But this doesn’t have to be true. The solar system’s riches could change how we live from a single-planet economy to a multiplanetary one. These riches could redefine the concept of poverty until it becomes obsolete, but only if we could reach it. In practical terms, the current challenge of the space business is that it takes a decade for any roundtrip. We need to make it affordable so that it’s possible to finance it. So, as a growing species that will soon be fully occupying its ecological niche, why don’t we consider the treasures in the Solar System within our reach? A single mineral could greatly impact Latin America’s economic development.” Nader points out the obvious. Businesses may quickly go out of business without any profit. For even the most open-minded investors, entrepreneurs, and potential customers, the long-term mindset implicit in a multiplanetary economy might still be too far out. JOVE’s test in space will be a stepping stone for the team seeking to reframe the conversation from deep space as a luxury to deep space as a necessity for an increasingly energy-hungry civilization. This reframing will require adjusting the perceptions that only traditional space agencies and large, well-funded corporations can deploy complex science missions beyond low-Earth orbit. For the Latin America region rich in finite natural resources and precious minerals, including lithium, and salt, among many others, the opportunity to venture into the vast beyond at an affordable rate would seem like an easy sell. Unfortunately, however, it is not necessarily the case. “Rocketry has always been considered the default solution for interplanetary travel. However, throughout humanity's space history, many technical and engineering decisions have had political connotations or interests tied to it at the expense of practicality. We want to remain loyal to the engineering and scientific design as initially intended, and with the freedom of choosing to stay independent.” The team expects to fund JOVE’s launch with funds from the private sector. Jaime Jaramillo For Jaime Jaramillo, making an interplanetary science mission for Latin America practical is vital. Jaramillo is the Space Operations Deputy Director of the , and the CEO of the with its base in Quito. EXA Quantum Aerospace Research Institute – QAS “It’s an honor to work in this group, specifically looking at practical propulsion systems for the Solar System. Consider how we could develop quicker the mining exploration missions bringing minerals back to Earth. It can be a great business for anyone in the region who wants to invest in it.” Jaramillo has already witnessed the value of transferring knowledge by working on JOVE. “Currently, deep space telecommunications are spearheaded by just a couple of systems tied to established space agencies, for example, NASA’s Deep Space Network (DSN) and Near Space Network (Near Space Network). But booking and scheduling in these systems, which traditionally have served only a handful of missions, presents a logistical nightmare as they don’t scale well. The waiting times for booking a slot often translate into many decades. So, a practical application of interplanetary travel means we must start working independently on ground systems independent of these large and established systems. That is something we have already learned just by working on JOVE’s design because, at EXA, we go all the way when we get involved. The lessons learned are already useful for the future, making our focus on this mission significant.” Adolfo Chaves Jiménez Adolfo Chaves Jiménez, a space systems engineer, professor, and researcher in Costa Rica, is part of JOVE’s navigation team — an essential and challenging mission component. The spacecraft’s orientation directly and profoundly influences its dynamics, navigation, and control. Without propellant, JOVE will navigate at high speeds with the solar wind’s varying parameters making JOVE’s maneuverability particularly difficult to anticipate. Many parameters necessary to generate practical navigation will only be known when the mission is launched. Chaves has expertise in both spacecraft orientation and orbital dynamics. Despite the unknowns, his role as part of the navigation team is to develop and monitor the onboard sensors that will determine direction throughout the mission and orbital mission software to ensure JOVE reaches its final destination. “There are many things that we have to solve from the conceptual and technological point of view,” explained Chaves. “But we're using the proven principles and systems that already exist to apply an efficient design mindset and test it.” For Chaves, the Internet and the advancements in computation, software, and simulation have changed how space professionals collaborate and get trained. Proximity is no longer a deterrent to working effectively with others. “I believe that skill and capacity for high-level space missions are evenly distributed worldwide. JOVE shows that many professionals in Latin America possess the same levels of competitive expertise as in other geographies. In fact, problem-solving for many of us in Latin America requires being highly creative and extremely practical, given the limitations in budgets and access to infrastructure. So there is a lot of scope in design and creativity because this type of efficient design is aimed at some particular aspects, and working on it will not be deterred by your nationality as in the case of working for only space agencies or in certain localities.” Chaves spoke about a deeply ingrained cultural and financial block that prevents space science and research from flourishing in the region. Part of this block, according to Chaves, relates to the feelings of being ill-equipped or unprepared in comparison to the more established spacefaring nations. However, and ’s history shows how forward-thinking scientists and engineers pioneered critical advances early in the 1950s, given the tools and equipment available at the time and sometimes alongside those in the United States. Argentina Brazil “I believe it’s innately human to explore. It’s a dream come true to work on shortening the distances between planets and influence humanity’s understanding of access to the solar system. The field, for me, has always been a demonstration test that reflects a society’s development at a particular time. In Latin America, we can be at the same level as others in industrialized nations because we can be very creative and do innovative things beyond solving beautiful technical problems.” Key takeaways: Daring to Plan Boldly Time Machine (2017). Marco Vargas. I have noticed that although the region’s space footprint still suffers from the silos in the financing, a lack of talent is not the problem. Nader, Jaramillo, and Chaves have been pioneering multiple regional efforts to make space research and development accessible. I have written about their plans to launch an all-Latin American suborbital flight crew ( ) and a . LATCOSMOS-C quantum network in space The JOVE team, including Nader et al., and the recognized researchers in the United States, will be uniquely positioned to leverage their expertise and broader networks to make this mission happen. Everyone can dream, but only those who dare to achieve will execute their plans. // Artist from the Santo Domingo province in Ecuador has been designing for more than seven years. Inspired by the mysteries and novelty of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and the known universe, Vargas created the short motion graphics, . Marco Vargas Time Machine (2017) “It’s awe-inspiring to see how art and technology go hand in hand,” said Vargas. “Art offers a disruptive and prophetic vision of how the future will be while possibly anticipating countless possible scenarios in which science and technology are part of that reality written or illustrated by the artist. I would love to see a revolution in the space and technology fields in Latin America so that the region becomes more involved in proposing, developing, and creating technological assets that help accelerate growth and add value to this growing industry.” Full disclosure: I don't have any vested financial interests in the companies or projects discussed in this article at the time of publication (June 2022). I don't entertain affiliate marketing offers or paid endorsements that would influence my research for the article. If you've enjoyed reading this work, allow me to invite you to my indie space blog MONI-07B . It's ad-free, supported by readers like you, and, more importantly, showcases original research and artwork. Read more about why this is important . Be inspired by the possibilities of our future in space! Subscribe today .

Latin America Seeks its Riches in Space by Reaching Jupiter in 30 Days

América Latina busca sus riquezas en el espacio al llegar a Júpiter en 30 días

L'Amérique latine cherche ses richesses dans l'espace en atteignant Jupiter en 30 jours

लैटिन अमेरिका 30 दिनों में बृहस्पति तक पहुंचकर अंतरिक्ष में अपनी दौलत चाहता है

ラテンアメリカは 30 日で木星に到達し、宇宙での豊かさを求めています

América Latina busca suas riquezas no espaço atingindo Júpiter em 30 dias

Châu Mỹ Latinh Tìm kiếm sự giàu có trong không gian bằng cách chạm tới sao Mộc trong 30 ngày

拉丁美洲通过在 30 天内到达木星寻求其在太空中的财富

Volcanic Activity, Atmospheric Loss, and Plasma Interactions in Jupiter’s Magnetosphere

How We Monitor Jupiter’s Fiery Moon Without Leaving Earth

What’s Next for Jupiter’s Fiery Moon, Io?

Jupiter’s Plasma Torus Throws a Tantrum—Blame It on Io?

Io’s Mass Supply to Jupiter’s Magnetosphere: What We Know and What We Don’t

How Jupiter’s Fiery Moon Feeds the Jovian Magnetosphere

Jupiter’s Glowing Secrets

Mass and Energy Flow in Jupiter’s Magnetosphere

Jupiter’s Moon Io Keeps Leaking, and Scientists Are Watching

How Jupiter’s Plasma Torus Strips Away Io’s Atmosphere

The Stability and Variability of Jupiter I's Plasma Torus

How Io, a Tiny Moon, Keeps Jupiter’s Space Weather on Its Toes

RateX Goes Live on Solana Mainnet on 17th Oct 2024. RateX, the world’s first leveraged yield exchange, has officially launched on the Solana mainnet, marking a significant milestone in the decentralized finance (DeFi) space. Built with innovation at its core, RateX enables users to trade synthetic yield tokens (YT) of various yield-bearing assets (YBA) with leverage of up to 10x. This powerful platform introduces groundbreaking solutions to maximize capital efficiency while addressing common DeFi challenges, such as impermanent loss and limited yield-trading opportunities. RateX, a proud recipient of a grant from the Solana Foundation and the first-place winner of the Solana Renaissance Hackathon (MCM), aims to push the boundaries of decentralized finance. The platform’s unique value proposition comes from its use of synthetic yield tokens, which track the yield of different assets and allow traders to take positions with leveraged exposure. This gives users more flexibility and opportunities to capitalize on fluctuations in yields, empowering them to generate higher returns on their investments. The introduction of RateX also brings a cutting-edge Time-Decaying Automated Market Maker (AMM) to the forefront. This AMM is designed to improve capital efficiency while reducing the risks traditionally associated with liquidity provisioning, particularly in expiring contracts. The mechanism minimizes the potential for impermanent loss—a common issue for liquidity providers (LPs) in volatile markets—and aims to eventually eliminate it altogether. As a result, RateX offers a more robust and rewarding environment for both traders and liquidity providers. In addition to its leveraged yield trading capabilities, RateX caters to users looking for stability by providing fixed-yield options. These options allow users to lock in specific yields over a predetermined period, offering more predictable returns compared to the highly variable DeFi market. Whether traders are seeking high-risk, high-reward opportunities or more stable, consistent gains, RateX provides an ecosystem that accommodates diverse trading strategies. Key Partnerships with Jupiter and Jito Further bolstering its platform, RateX has announced strategic partnerships with two prominent players in the Solana ecosystem—Jupiter and Jito. These partnerships not only strengthen RateX’s technological infrastructure but also extend its reach within the DeFi and staking communities. Jupiter, one of the largest decentralized trading platforms on Solana, is known for its high liquidity and strong governance framework. With an extensive community and a focus on enabling smooth cross-asset trading, Jupiter plays a pivotal role in bringing liquidity to the RateX platform. This partnership ensures that RateX users will benefit from deep liquidity pools, efficient price discovery, and seamless execution of trades. Jupiter’s active governance community also opens the door for collaborative development efforts, allowing RateX to evolve in line with community-driven innovations. On the staking side, RateX has joined forces with Jito, the leading liquid staking platform on Solana. Jito’s expertise in liquid staking will enhance RateX’s offerings by providing users with access to staking-derived yield-bearing assets. By leveraging Jito’s technology, RateX can integrate liquid staking into its synthetic yield ecosystem, offering even more diverse options for traders to earn yield. With this partnership, users can expect enhanced staking efficiency, better capital utilization, and a broader range of yield-bearing assets available for leveraged trading. A New Era for DeFi: RateX as a Pillar of Infrastructure The launch of RateX comes at a time when the DeFi sector is evolving rapidly, and the demand for more sophisticated financial products is higher than ever. By pioneering leveraged yield trading and forming key partnerships with Jupiter and Jito, RateX is positioning itself as a crucial pillar of the Solana ecosystem and DeFi infrastructure at large. RateX’s mission is to redefine how yield movements are traded, making the entire process more efficient, transparent, and accessible to both seasoned traders and new entrants to the space. As the world’s first leveraged yield exchange, RateX is primed to play a central role in shaping the next phase of decentralized finance, often referred to as the “next DeFi summer.” With its innovative platform, strong partnerships, and focus on capital efficiency, RateX is setting the stage for a new era of financial freedom and opportunities for DeFi enthusiasts worldwide. Learn more about RateX and join the future of decentralized finance: Website: rate-x.io Twitter: RateX_Dex Discord: RateX Community RateX Goes Live on Solana Mainnet on 17th Oct 2024. RateX, the world’s first leveraged yield exchange, has officially launched on the Solana mainnet, marking a significant milestone in the decentralized finance (DeFi) space. Built with innovation at its core, RateX enables users to trade synthetic yield tokens (YT) of various yield-bearing assets (YBA) with leverage of up to 10x. This powerful platform introduces groundbreaking solutions to maximize capital efficiency while addressing common DeFi challenges, such as impermanent loss and limited yield-trading opportunities. RateX Goes Live on Solana Mainnet on 17th Oct 2024. RateX, a proud recipient of a grant from the Solana Foundation and the first-place winner of the Solana Renaissance Hackathon (MCM), aims to push the boundaries of decentralized finance. The platform’s unique value proposition comes from its use of synthetic yield tokens, which track the yield of different assets and allow traders to take positions with leveraged exposure. This gives users more flexibility and opportunities to capitalize on fluctuations in yields, empowering them to generate higher returns on their investments. The introduction of RateX also brings a cutting-edge Time-Decaying Automated Market Maker (AMM) to the forefront. This AMM is designed to improve capital efficiency while reducing the risks traditionally associated with liquidity provisioning, particularly in expiring contracts. The mechanism minimizes the potential for impermanent loss—a common issue for liquidity providers (LPs) in volatile markets—and aims to eventually eliminate it altogether. As a result, RateX offers a more robust and rewarding environment for both traders and liquidity providers. Time-Decaying Automated Market Maker (AMM) In addition to its leveraged yield trading capabilities, RateX caters to users looking for stability by providing fixed-yield options. These options allow users to lock in specific yields over a predetermined period, offering more predictable returns compared to the highly variable DeFi market. Whether traders are seeking high-risk, high-reward opportunities or more stable, consistent gains, RateX provides an ecosystem that accommodates diverse trading strategies. Key Partnerships with Jupiter and Jito Key Partnerships with Jupiter and Jito Further bolstering its platform, RateX has announced strategic partnerships with two prominent players in the Solana ecosystem—Jupiter and Jito. These partnerships not only strengthen RateX’s technological infrastructure but also extend its reach within the DeFi and staking communities. Jupiter, one of the largest decentralized trading platforms on Solana, is known for its high liquidity and strong governance framework. With an extensive community and a focus on enabling smooth cross-asset trading, Jupiter plays a pivotal role in bringing liquidity to the RateX platform. This partnership ensures that RateX users will benefit from deep liquidity pools, efficient price discovery, and seamless execution of trades. Jupiter’s active governance community also opens the door for collaborative development efforts, allowing RateX to evolve in line with community-driven innovations. On the staking side, RateX has joined forces with Jito, the leading liquid staking platform on Solana. Jito’s expertise in liquid staking will enhance RateX’s offerings by providing users with access to staking-derived yield-bearing assets. By leveraging Jito’s technology, RateX can integrate liquid staking into its synthetic yield ecosystem, offering even more diverse options for traders to earn yield. With this partnership, users can expect enhanced staking efficiency, better capital utilization, and a broader range of yield-bearing assets available for leveraged trading. A New Era for DeFi: RateX as a Pillar of Infrastructure A New Era for DeFi: RateX as a Pillar of Infrastructure The launch of RateX comes at a time when the DeFi sector is evolving rapidly, and the demand for more sophisticated financial products is higher than ever. By pioneering leveraged yield trading and forming key partnerships with Jupiter and Jito, RateX is positioning itself as a crucial pillar of the Solana ecosystem and DeFi infrastructure at large. RateX’s mission is to redefine how yield movements are traded, making the entire process more efficient, transparent, and accessible to both seasoned traders and new entrants to the space. As the world’s first leveraged yield exchange, RateX is primed to play a central role in shaping the next phase of decentralized finance, often referred to as the “next DeFi summer.” With its innovative platform, strong partnerships, and focus on capital efficiency, RateX is setting the stage for a new era of financial freedom and opportunities for DeFi enthusiasts worldwide. Learn more about RateX and join the future of decentralized finance: Learn more about RateX and join the future of decentralized finance: Website: rate-x.io Website: rate-x.io Twitter: RateX_Dex Twitter: RateX_Dex Discord: RateX Community Discord: RateX Community

RateX Goes Live on Solana: The First Leveraged Yield Exchange is Now Jupiter & Jito Aligned 

RateX geht auf Solana live: Die erste Leveraged Yield Exchange ist jetzt auf Jupiter und Jito ausgerichtet

RateX se lanza en línea en Solana: el primer exchange con rendimiento apalancado ahora está alineado con Jupiter y Jito

RateX در Solana فعال می شود: اولین تبادل بازدهی اهرمی اکنون مشتری و جیتو هم تراز شده است 

RateX-ը գործարկվում է Solana-ում. Առաջին լծակային եկամտաբերության փոխանակումն այժմ հավասարեցված է Յուպիտերին և Ջիտոնին 

RateX Hadir di Solana: Bursa Hasil Leverage Pertama Kini Selaras dengan Jupiter & Jito

RateX va in diretta su Solana: il primo exchange di rendimento con leva finanziaria è ora allineato con Jupiter e Jito

RateXがSolanaで稼働開始: 初のレバレッジ利回り取引所がJupiterとJitoと提携

RateX Solana дээр ажиллаж байна: Анхны хөшүүрэгтэй өгөөжийн бирж нь одоо Бархасбадь ба Житотой нийцэж байна 

RateX Bersiaran Langsung di Solana: Pertukaran Hasil Leveraj Pertama Kini Diselaraskan dengan Musytari & Jito 

RateX gaat live op Solana: de eerste leveraged yield exchange is nu Jupiter & Jito Aligned

RateX Solanapi kawsan: Ñawpaq kaq Intercambio de Rendimiento Apalancado Kunanqa Jupiter & Jito Alineado kachkan 

RateX Goes Live on Solana: Ang Unang Leveraged Yield Exchange ay Jupiter at Jito Aligned na Ngayon 

The Warden by Anthony Trollope, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . The Jupiter here The Jupiter Though Eleanor Harding rode off from John Bold on a high horse, it must not be supposed that her heart was so elate as her demeanour. In the first place, she had a natural repugnance to losing her lover; and in the next, she was not quite so sure that she was in the right as she pretended to be. Her father had told her, and that now repeatedly, that Bold was doing nothing unjust or ungenerous; and why then should she rebuke him, and throw him off, when she felt herself so ill able to bear his loss?—but such is human nature, and young-lady-nature especially. As she walked off from him beneath the shady elms of the close, her look, her tone, every motion and gesture of her body, belied her heart; she would have given the world to have taken him by the hand, to have reasoned with him, persuaded him, cajoled him, coaxed him out of his project; to have overcome him with all her female artillery, and to have redeemed her father at the cost of herself; but pride would not let her do this, and she left him without a look of love or a word of kindness. Had Bold been judging of another lover and of another lady, he might have understood all this as well as we do; but in matters of love men do not see clearly in their own affairs. They say that faint heart never won fair lady; and it is amazing to me how fair ladies are won, so faint are often men's hearts! Were it not for the kindness of their nature, that seeing the weakness of our courage they will occasionally descend from their impregnable fortresses, and themselves aid us in effecting their own defeat, too often would they escape unconquered if not unscathed, and free of body if not of heart. Poor Bold crept off quite crestfallen; he felt that as regarded Eleanor Harding his fate was sealed, unless he could consent to give up a task to which he had pledged himself, and which indeed it would not be easy for him to give up. Lawyers were engaged, and the question had to a certain extent been taken up by the public; besides, how could a high-spirited girl like Eleanor Harding really learn to love a man for neglecting a duty which he assumed! Could she allow her affection to be purchased at the cost of his own self-respect? As regarded the issue of his attempt at reformation in the hospital, Bold had no reason hitherto to be discontented with his success. All Barchester was by the ears about it. The bishop, the archdeacon, the warden, the steward, and several other clerical allies, had daily meetings, discussing their tactics, and preparing for the great attack. Sir Abraham Haphazard had been consulted, but his opinion was not yet received: copies of Hiram's will, copies of wardens' journals, copies of leases, copies of accounts, copies of everything that could be copied, and of some that could not, had been sent to him; and the case was assuming most creditable dimensions. But, above all, it had been mentioned in the daily Jupiter. That all-powerful organ of the press in one of its leading thunderbolts launched at St Cross, had thus remarked: "Another case, of smaller dimensions indeed, but of similar import, is now likely to come under public notice. We are informed that the warden or master of an old almshouse attached to Barchester Cathedral is in receipt of twenty-five times the annual income appointed for him by the will of the founder, while the sum yearly expended on the absolute purposes of the charity has always remained fixed. In other words, the legatees under the founder's will have received no advantage from the increase in the value of the property during the last four centuries, such increase having been absorbed by the so-called warden. It is impossible to conceive a case of greater injustice. It is no answer to say that some six or nine or twelve old men receive as much of the goods of this world as such old men require. On what foundation, moral or divine, traditional or legal, is grounded the warden's claim to the large income he receives for doing nothing? The contentment of these almsmen, if content they be, can give him no title to this wealth! Does he ever ask himself, when he stretches wide his clerical palm to receive the pay of some dozen of the working clergy, for what service he is so remunerated? Does his conscience ever entertain the question of his right to such subsidies? Or is it possible that the subject never so presents itself to his mind; that he has received for many years, and intends, should God spare him, to receive for years to come these fruits of the industrious piety of past ages, indifferent as to any right on his own part, or of any injustice to others! We must express an opinion that nowhere but in the Church of England, and only there among its priests, could such a state of moral indifference be found." I must for the present leave my readers to imagine the state of Mr Harding's mind after reading the above article. They say that forty thousand copies of The Jupiter are daily sold, and that each copy is read by five persons at the least. Two hundred thousand readers then would hear this accusation against him; two hundred thousand hearts would swell with indignation at the griping injustice, the barefaced robbery of the warden of Barchester Hospital! And how was he to answer this? How was he to open his inmost heart to this multitude, to these thousands, the educated, the polished, the picked men of his own country; how show them that he was no robber, no avaricious, lazy priest scrambling for gold, but a retiring, humble-spirited man, who had innocently taken what had innocently been offered to him? "Write to The Jupiter," suggested the bishop. "Yes," said the archdeacon, more worldly wise than his father, "yes, and be smothered with ridicule; tossed over and over again with scorn; shaken this way and that, as a rat in the mouth of a practised terrier. You will leave out some word or letter in your answer, and the ignorance of the cathedral clergy will be harped upon; you will make some small mistake, which will be a falsehood, or some admission, which will be self-condemnation; you will find yourself to have been vulgar, ill-tempered, irreverend, and illiterate, and the chances are ten to one, but that being a clergyman, you will have been guilty of blasphemy! A man may have the best of causes, the best of talents, and the best of tempers; he may write as well as Addison, or as strongly as Junius; but even with all this he cannot successfully answer, when attacked by The Jupiter. In such matters it is omnipotent. What the Czar is in Russia, or the mob in America, that The Jupiter is in England. Answer such an article! No, warden; whatever you do, don't do that. We were to look for this sort of thing, you know; but we need not draw down on our heads more of it than is necessary." The article in The Jupiter, while it so greatly harassed our poor warden, was an immense triumph to some of the opposite party. Sorry as Bold was to see Mr Harding attacked so personally, it still gave him a feeling of elation to find his cause taken up by so powerful an advocate: and as to Finney, the attorney, he was beside himself. What! to be engaged in the same cause and on the same side with The Jupiter; to have the views he had recommended seconded, and furthered, and battled for by The Jupiter! Perhaps to have his own name mentioned as that of the learned gentleman whose efforts had been so successful on behalf of the poor of Barchester! He might be examined before committees of the House of Commons, with heaven knows how much a day for his personal expenses;—he might be engaged for years on such a suit! There was no end to the glorious golden dreams which this leader in The Jupiter produced in the soaring mind of Finney. And the old bedesmen, they also heard of this article, and had a glimmering, indistinct idea of the marvellous advocate which had now taken up their cause. Abel Handy limped hither and thither through the rooms, repeating all that he understood to have been printed, with some additions of his own which he thought should have been added. He told them how The Jupiter had declared that their warden was no better than a robber, and that what The Jupiter said was acknowledged by the world to be true. How The Jupiter had affirmed that each one of them—"each one of us, Jonathan Crumple, think of that!"—had a clear right to a hundred a year; and that if The Jupiter had said so, it was better than a decision of the Lord Chancellor: and then he carried about the paper, supplied by Mr Finney, which, though none of them could read it, still afforded in its very touch and aspect positive corroboration of what was told them; and Jonathan Crumple pondered deeply over his returning wealth; and Job Skulpit saw how right he had been in signing the petition, and said so many scores of times; and Spriggs leered fearfully with his one eye; and Moody, as he more nearly approached the coming golden age, hated more deeply than ever those who still kept possession of what he so coveted. Even Billy Gazy and poor bed-ridden Bell became active and uneasy, and the great Bunce stood apart with lowering brow, with deep grief seated in his heart, for he perceived that evil days were coming. It had been decided, the archdeacon advising, that no remonstrance, explanation, or defence should be addressed from the Barchester conclave to the editor of The Jupiter; but hitherto that was the only decision to which they had come. Sir Abraham Haphazard was deeply engaged in preparing a bill for the mortification of papists, to be called the "Convent Custody Bill," the purport of which was to enable any Protestant clergyman over fifty years of age to search any nun whom he suspected of being in possession of treasonable papers or Jesuitical symbols; and as there were to be a hundred and thirty-seven clauses in the bill, each clause containing a separate thorn for the side of the papist, and as it was known the bill would be fought inch by inch, by fifty maddened Irishmen, the due construction and adequate dovetailing of it did consume much of Sir Abraham's time. The bill had all its desired effect. Of course it never passed into law; but it so completely divided the ranks of the Irish members, who had bound themselves together to force on the ministry a bill for compelling all men to drink Irish whiskey, and all women to wear Irish poplins, that for the remainder of the session the Great Poplin and Whiskey League was utterly harmless. Thus it happened that Sir Abraham's opinion was not at once forthcoming, and the uncertainty, the expectation, and suffering of the folk of Barchester was maintained at a high pitch. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Anthony Trollope (1996). The Warden. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/619/pg619-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

The Jupiter

Off on a Comet! a Journey through Planetary Space by Jules Verne, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . JUPITER SOMEWHAT CLOSE here CHAPTER VIII. JUPITER SOMEWHAT CLOSE Except as to the time the comet would take to revolve round the sun, it must be confessed that all the professor’s calculations had comparatively little interest for anyone but himself, and he was consequently left very much to pursue his studies in solitude. The following day was the 1st of August, or, according to Rosette, the 63rd of April. In the course of this month Gallia would travel 16,500,000 leagues, attaining at the end a distance of 197,000,000 leagues from the sun. This would leave 81,000,000 leagues more to be traversed before reaching the aphelion of the 15th of January, after which it would begin once more to approach the sun. But meanwhile, a marvelous world, never before so close within the range of human vision, was revealing itself. No wonder that Palmyrin Rosette cared so little to quit his observatory; for throughout those calm, clear Gallian nights, when the book of the firmament lay open before him, he could revel in a spectacle which no previous astronomer had ever been permitted to enjoy. The glorious orb that was becoming so conspicuous an object was none other than the planet Jupiter, the largest of all the bodies existing within the influence of solar attraction. During the seven months that had elapsed since its collision with the earth, the comet had been continuously approaching the planet, until the distance between them was scarcely more than 61,000,000 leagues, and this would go on diminishing until the 15th of October. Under these circumstances, was it perfectly certain that no danger could accrue? Was not Gallia, when its pathway led it into such close proximity to this enormous planet, running a risk of being attracted within its influence? Might not that influence be altogether disastrous? The professor, it is true, in his estimate of the duration of his comet’s revolution, had represented that he had made all proper allowances for any perturbations that would be caused either by Jupiter, by Saturn, or by Mars; but what if there were any errors in his calculations? what if there should be any elements of disturbance on which he had not reckoned? Speculations of this kind became more and more frequent, and Lieutenant Procope pointed out that the danger incurred might be of a fourfold character: first, that the comet, being irresistibly attracted, might be drawn on to the very surface of the planet, and there annihilated; secondly, that as the result of being brought under that attraction, it might be transformed into a satellite, or even a sub-satellite, of that mighty world; thirdly, that it might be diverted into a new orbit, which would never be coincident with the ecliptic; or, lastly, its course might be so retarded that it would only reach the ecliptic too late to permit any junction with the earth. The occurrence of any one of these contingencies would be fatal to their hopes of reunion with the globe, from which they had been so strangely severed. To Rosette, who, without family ties which he had never found leisure or inclination to contract, had no shadow of desire to return to the earth, it would be only the first of these probabilities that could give him any concern. Total annihilation might not accord with his views, but he would be quite content for Gallia to miss its mark with regard to the earth, indifferent whether it revolved as a new satellite around Jupiter, or whether it wended its course through the untraversed regions of the milky way. The rest of the community, however, by no means sympathized with the professor’s sentiments, and the following month was a period of considerable doubt and anxiety. On the 1st of September the distance between Gallia and Jupiter was precisely the same as the mean distance between the earth and the sun; on the 16th, the distance was further reduced to 26,000,000 leagues. The planet began to assume enormous dimensions, and it almost seemed as if the comet had already been deflected from its elliptical orbit, and was rushing on in a straight line towards the overwhelming luminary. The more they contemplated the character of this gigantic planet, the more they became impressed with the likelihood of a serious perturbation in their own course. The diameter of Jupiter is 85,390 miles, nearly eleven times as great as that of the earth; his volume is 1,387 times, and his mass 300 times greater; and although the mean density is only about a quarter of that of the earth, and only a third of that of water (whence it has been supposed that the superficies of Jupiter is liquid), yet his other proportions were large enough to warrant the apprehension that important disturbances might result from his proximity. “I forget my astronomy, lieutenant,” said Servadac. “Tell me all you can about this formidable neighbor.” The lieutenant having refreshed his memory by reference to Flammarion’s , of which he had a Russian translation, and some other books, proceeded to recapitulate that Jupiter accomplishes his revolution round the sun in 4,332 days 14 hours and 2 minutes; that he travels at the rate of 467 miles a minute along an orbit measuring 2,976 millions of miles; and that his rotation on his axis occupies only 9 hours and 55 minutes. Recits de l’Infini “His days, then, are shorter than ours?” interrupted the captain. “Considerably,” answered the lieutenant, who went on to describe how the displacement of a point at the equator of Jupiter was twenty-seven times as rapid as on the earth, causing the polar compression to be about 2,378 miles; how the axis, being nearly perpendicular, caused the days and nights to be nearly of the same length, and the seasons to be invariable; and how the amount of light and heat received by the planet is only a twenty-fifth part of that received by the earth, the average distance from the sun being 475,693,000 miles. “And how about these satellites? Sometimes, I suppose, Jupiter has the benefit of four moons all shining at once?” asked Servadac. Of the satellites, Lieutenant Procope went on to say that one is rather smaller than our own moon; that another moves round its primary at an interval about equal to the moon’s distance from ourselves; but that they all revolve in considerably less time: the first takes only l day 18 hours 27 minutes; the second takes 3 days 13 hours 14 minutes; the third, 7 days 3 hours 42 minutes; whilst the largest of all takes but 16 days 16 hours 32 minutes. The most remote revolves round the planet at a distance of 1,192,820 miles. “They have been enlisted into the service of science,” said Procope. “It is by their movements that the velocity of light has been calculated; and they have been made available for the determination of terrestrial longitudes.” “It must be a wonderful sight,” said the captain. “Yes,” answered Procope. “I often think Jupiter is like a prodigious clock with four hands.” “I only hope that we are not destined to make a fifth hand,” answered Servadac. Such was the style of the conversation that was day by day reiterated during the whole month of suspense. Whatever topic might be started, it seemed soon to settle down upon the huge orb that was looming upon them with such threatening aspect. “The more remote that these planets are from the sun,” said Procope, “the more venerable and advanced in formation are they found to be. Neptune, situated 2,746,271,000 miles from the sun, issued from the solar nebulosity, thousands of millions of centuries back. Uranus, revolving 1,753,851,000 miles from the center of the planetary system, is of an age amounting to many hundred millions of centuries. Jupiter, the colossal planet, gravitating at a distance of 475,693,000 miles, may be reckoned as 70,000,000 centuries old. Mars has existed for 1,000,000,000 years at a distance of 139,212,000 miles. The earth, 91,430,000 miles from the sun, quitted his burning bosom 100,000,000 years ago. Venus, revolving now 66,131,000 miles away, may be assigned the age of 50,000,000 years at least; and Mercury, nearest of all, and youngest of all, has been revolving at a distance of 35,393,000 miles for the space of 10,000,000 years—the same time as the moon has been evolved from the earth.” Servadac listened attentively. He was at a loss what to say; and the only reply he made to the recital of this novel theory was to the effect that, if it were true, he would prefer being captured by Mercury than by Jupiter, for Mercury, being so much the younger, would probably prove the less imperative and self-willed master. It was on the 1st of September that the comet had crossed the orbit of Jupiter, and on the 1st of October the two bodies were calculated to be at their minimum separation. No direct shock, however, could be apprehended; the demonstration was sufficiently complete that the orbit of Gallia did not coincide with that of the planet, the orbit of Jupiter being inclined at an angle of 1 degrees 19 mins to the orbit of the earth, with which that of Gallia was, no doubt, coincident. As the month of September verged towards its close, Jupiter began to wear an aspect that must have excited the admiration of the most ignorant or the most indifferent observer. Its salient points were illumined with novel and radiant tints, and the solar rays, reflected from its disc, glowed with a mingled softness and intensity upon Gallia, so that Nerina had to pale her beauty. Who could wonder that Rosette, enthusiast as he was, should be irremovable from his observatory? Who could expect otherwise than that, with the prospect before him of viewing the giant among planets, ten times nearer than any mortal eye had ever done, he should have begrudged every moment that distracted his attention? Meanwhile, as Jupiter grew large, the sun grew small. From its increased remoteness the diameter of the sun’s disc was diminished to 5 degrees 46 mins. And what an increased interest began to be associated with the satellites! They were visible to the naked eye! Was it not a new record in the annals of science? Although it is acknowledged that they are not ordinarily visible on earth without the aid of a somewhat powerful telescope, it has been asserted that a favored few, endued with extraordinary powers of vision, have been able to identify them with an unassisted eye; but here, at least, in Nina’s Hive were many rivals, for everyone could so far distinguish them one from the other as to describe them by their colors. The first was of a dull white shade; the second was blue; the third was white and brilliant; the fourth was orange, at times approaching to a red. It was further observed that Jupiter itself was almost void of scintillation. Rosette, in his absorbing interest for the glowing glories of the planet, seemed to be beguiled into comparative forgetfulness of the charms of his comet; but no astronomical enthusiasm of the professor could quite allay the general apprehension that some serious collision might be impending. Time passed on. There was nothing to justify apprehension. The question was continually being asked, “What does the professor really think?” “Our friend the professor,” said Servadac, “is not likely to tell us very much; but we may feel pretty certain of one thing: he wouldn’t keep us long in the dark, if he thought we were not going back to the earth again. The greatest satisfaction he could have would be to inform us that we had parted from the earth for ever.” “I trust from my very soul,” said the count, “that his prognostications are correct.” “The more I see of him, and the more I listen to him,” replied Servadac, “the more I become convinced that his calculations are based on a solid foundation, and will prove correct to the minutest particular.” Ben Zoof here interrupted the conversation. “I have something on my mind,” he said. “Something on your mind? Out with it!” said the captain. “That telescope!” said the orderly; “it strikes me that that telescope which the old professor keeps pointed up at yonder big sun is bringing it down straight upon us.” The captain laughed heartily. “Laugh, captain, if you like; but I feel disposed to break the old telescope into atoms.” “Ben Zoof,” said Servadac, his laughter exchanged for a look of stern displeasure, “touch that telescope, and you shall swing for it!” The orderly looked astonished. “I am governor here,” said Servadac. Ben Zoof knew what his master meant, and to him his master’s wish was law. The interval between the comet and Jupiter was, by the 1st of October, reduced to 43,000,000 miles. The belts all parallel to Jupiter’s equator were very distinct in their markings. Those immediately north and south of the equator were of a dusky hue; those toward the poles were alternately dark and light; the intervening spaces of the planet’s superficies, between edge and edge, being intensely bright. The belts themselves were occasionally broken by spots, which the records of astronomy describe as varying both in form and in extent. The physiology of belts and spots alike was beyond the astronomer’s power to ascertain; and even if he should be destined once again to take his place in an astronomical congress on the earth, he would be just as incapable as ever of determining whether or no they owed their existence to the external accumulation of vapor, or to some internal agency. It would not be Professor Rosette’s lot to enlighten his brother to any great degree as to the mysteries that are associated with this, which must ever rank as one of the most magnificent amongst the heavenly orbs. savants As the comet approached the critical point of its career it cannot be denied that there was an unacknowledged consciousness of alarm. Mutually reserved, though ever courteous, the count and the captain were secretly drawn together by the prospect of a common danger; and as their return to the earth appeared to them to become more and more dubious, they abandoned their views of narrow isolation, and tried to embrace the wider philosophy that acknowledges the credibility of a habitable universe. But no philosophy could be proof against the common instincts of their humanity; their hearts, their hopes, were set upon their natural home; no speculation, no science, no experience, could induce them to give up their fond and sanguine anticipation that once again they were to come in contact with the earth. “Only let us escape Jupiter,” said Lieutenant Procope, repeatedly, “and we are free from anxiety.” “But would not Saturn lie ahead?” asked Servadac and the count in one breath. “No!” said Procope; “the orbit of Saturn is remote, and does not come athwart our path. Jupiter is our sole hindrance. Of Jupiter we must say, as William Tell said, ‘Once through the ominous pass and all is well.’” The 15th of October came, the date of the nearest approximation of the comet to the planet. They were only 31,000,000 miles apart. What would now transpire? Would Gallia be diverted from its proper way? or would it hold the course that the astronomer had predicted? Early next morning the captain ventured to take the count and the lieutenant up to the observatory. The professor was in the worst of tempers. That was enough. It was enough, without a word, to indicate the course which events had taken. The comet was pursuing an unaltered way. The astronomer, correct in his prognostications, ought to have been the most proud and contented of philosophers; his pride and contentment were both overshadowed by the certainty that the career of his comet was destined to be so transient, and that it must inevitably once again come into collision with the earth. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jules Verne (1998). Off on a Comet! a Journey through Planetary Space. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1353/pg1353-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

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